What you need to know about Zika Virus

Hi Dassyb blog readers, hope you had a beautiful week because I did. This weekend I would be writing a bit on zika virus. The World Health Organization has declared the Zika virus a global public health emergency. The infection is suspected of leading to thousands of babies being born with underdeveloped brains. Some areas have declared a state of emergency, doctors have described it as "a pandemic in progress" and some are even advising women in affected countries to delay getting pregnant. But there is much we do not know in this emerging infection.

What are the symptoms?

Deaths are rare and only one-in-five people infected is thought to develop symptoms. These include:

• mild fever
• conjunctivitis (red, sore eyes)
• headache
• joint pain
• a rash
• A rare nervous system disorder, Guillain-Barre syndrome, that can cause temporary paralysis has been linked to the infection.There is no vaccine or drug treatment so patients are advised to rest and drink plenty of fluids. But the biggest concern is the impact it could have on babies developing in the womb and the surge in microcephaly.

What is microcephaly?
It is when a baby is born with an abnormally small head, as their brain has not developed properly. The severity varies, but it can be deadly if the brain is so underdeveloped that it cannot regulate the functions vital to life. Children that do survive face intellectual disability and development delays. It can be caused by infections such as rubella, substance abuse during pregnancy or genetic abnormalities.

A child born with microcephaly due to mothers infection with Zika vvirus

Why is it a public health emergency?

The World Health Organization is worried that Zika is spreading far and fast, with devastating consequences. Declaring Zika as a "public health emergency of international concern" singles the disease out as a serious global threat. It puts it in the same category of importance as Ebola. Unlike Ebola, where the focus was on boots on the ground, with Zika the attention will be on understanding the link with microcephaly. The WHO will coordinate countries' health agencies to conduct trials to determine the risk. It will also encourage efforts to stop the mosquito that spreads the disease as well as finding a treatment or a vaccine to stop the virus. The work will depend on money donated by countries.

Where did Zika come from?

It was first identified in monkeys in Uganda in 1947. The first human case was detected in Nigeria in 1954 and there have been further outbreaks in Africa, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands. Most were small and Zika has not previously been considered a major threat to human health. But in May 2015 it was reported in Brazil and has spread rapidly.
It has since also been reported in: Barbados, Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Suriname and Venezuela.

How does it spread?

It is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. They are found throughout the Americas except for Canada and Chile where it is too cold for them to survive. If they drink the blood of an infected person they can then infect subsequent people they bite. It is unclear for how long someone can transmit the virus after being infected. They are the same insects that spread dengue and chikungunya virus. And, unlike the mosquitoes that spread malaria, they are mostly active during the day, so bed nets offer limited protection. It can also be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth.

Can it be spread through sex?
There have been reported cases of sexual transmission with the virus spreading to people who have not visited affected countries.  This seems to be a very rare event, but it means Zika has a limited potential to spread in any country - not just those with the Aedes mosquito.
Some countries advise men returning home from affected countries to use condoms if their partner is pregnant or might become pregnant. This should be done for 28 days after coming home if you have no symptoms, and for six months if Zika symptoms do develop.
Zika virus has also been found in other bodily fluids including saliva and urine, but it is unknown whether the virus can spread through these routes.

How long are people infectious?

The best evidence so far suggests that people can spread the virus via mosquitoes for a week after being infected. In semen it may persist for two weeks. Countries have advised safe sex and a ban on blood donations for a month after just visiting such countries and for longer if they developed symptoms.

What can people do to treat and prevent it?

As there is no treatment, the only option is to reduce the risk of being bitten. Health officials advise people to:

• Use insect repellents
• cover up with long-sleeved clothes
• keep windows and doors closedclosed
• Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents. All EPA-registered insect repellents are evaluated for safety and effectivenes. 
• Treat clothing and gear with permethrin or buy permethrin-treated items.
• The mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water, so people are also being told to empty buckets and flower pots. The US Centers for Disease Control has advised pregnant women not to travel to affected areas.

Are you immune for life once infected?

Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.